Integration of Circulatory and Respiratory Systems: Physiological Basis, Adaptive Reactions, and Clinical Significance

DOI: 10.22138/2500-0918-2026-23-2-275-288

Maklakova I.Yu., Grebnev D.Yu., Vakhrusheva V.Ch., Belova E.I., Bautina I.М.

Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Professional Education
«Urals State Medical University» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation

Abstract. The purpose of the review. To systematize modern data on the physiological and adaptive mechanisms of blood circulation and respiration in normal and various conditions. Methods and materials. The analysis of scientific articles and clinical studies over the past 10 years devoted to the integration of circulatory and respiratory systems has been carried out. The search included publications in the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, CyberLeninka, eLibrary. The main attention was paid to the study of hemodynamic parameters, mechanisms of gas exchange, adaptations under stress and pathologies, as well as modern methods of diagnosis and correction of disorders. The data is systematized into thematic blocks to form a holistic view of the subject of the study. Results. The study confirmed that the circulatory and respiratory systems function as a single integrated complex based on the «ventilation–perfusion–diffusion–transport» principle, ensuring tissue oxygenation and homeostasis maintenance. Disruptions in their coordinated interaction underlie the pathogenesis of several socially significant diseases (heart failure, COPD), as well as complicated forms of COVID 19 that combine pulmonary damage and cardiovascular complications. This underscores the necessity of studying cardiorespiratory integration to develop new diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitation approaches, as well as to assess the body’s adaptive potential under extreme conditions. Conclusion. An integrative approach to the assessment of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems makes it possible to identify the causes of disorders that are not diagnosed in an isolated analysis, and contributes to the creation of personalized treatment methods. This approach revises the criteria of the norm, shifting the focus from «standard numbers» to the functional ability of the body. Prospects for further research include the study of the molecular basis of cardiorespiratory conjugacy, the development of non-drug methods and the introduction of telemonitoring technologies, which makes the integrative approach an important tool for preventive medicine.

Keywords: hemodynamics, gas exchange, minute blood volume, cardiac index, peripheral resistance, ventilation-perfusion ratio, adaptation

There is no conflict of interest.
Contact details of the corresponding author:
Bautina Irina M.
bautina.irisha@mail.ru
Received: 26.12.2025

For citation: Maklakova I.Yu., Grebnev D.Yu., Vakhrusheva V.Ch., Belova E.I., Bautina I.М. Integration of Circulatory and Respiratory Systems: Physiological Basis, Adaptive Reactions, and Clinical Significance [Online] Vestn. Ural. Med. Akad. Nauki. = Journal of Ural Medical Academic Science. 2026, Vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 275–288. DOI: 10.22138/2500-0918-2026-23-2-275-288 (In Russ)

Authors
Maklakova Irina Yu.
Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (USMU)
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Normal Physiology
3 Repina St., Yekaterinburg, 620028, Russia
makliu@mail.ru

Grebnev Dmitry Yu.
Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (USMU)
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Pathological Physiology
3 Repina St., Yekaterinburg, 620028, Russia
dr-grebnev77@mail.ru

Vakhrusheva Viktoriya Ch.
Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (USMU)
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Normal Physiology
3 Repina St., Yekaterinburg, 620028, Russia
ezhik-13@inbox.ru

Belova Ekaterina I.
Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (USMU)
2nd year student of the Faculty of Dentistry
3 Repina St., Yekaterinburg, 620028, Russia
KATIRINA855@mail.ru

Bautina Irina M.
Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (USMU)
2nd year student of the Faculty of Dentistry
3 Repina St., Yekaterinburg, 620028, Russia
bautina.irisha@mail.ru