MODERN CONCEPTS OF THE ROLE OF ADIPOKINES AND MYOKINES IN THE REGULATION OF METABOLIC PROCESSES IN OBESITY

DOI: 10.22138/2500-0918-2025-22-4-434-445

K.A. Krasnoglazova, O.A. Radaeva, D.V. Viryasov, M.S. Iskandyarova, V.V. Eremeev

 

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education

«National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University», Saransk, Russian Federation

Abstract. The purpose of this review is to analyze current data on the role of adipokines and myokines in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in obesity. Materials and methods. The study used articles from the PubMed, Scopus, WoS, Cochrane Library, eLibrary databases, selected by the keywords «adipokines», «myokines», «obesity», «diabetes mellitus». Results. A review of the literature revealed the existence of complex relationships between various adipokines and myokines, which can have both synergistic and antagonistic effects on metabolic processes. Particular attention is paid to their potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Conclusion. The data obtained emphasize the need for further study of the mechanisms of their action and interaction, which can lead to the development of new strategies for a personalized approach to the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

Keywords: adipokines, myokines, obesity, diabetes mellitus

No conflict of interest.
Contact details of the corresponding author:
Ksenia A. Krasnoglazova
kseniapopova08@mail.ru
Recieved 28.08.2025
For citation: Krasnoglazova K.A., Radaeva O.A., Viryasov D.V., Iskandyarova M.S., Eremeev V.V. Modern concepts of the role of adipokines and myokines in the regulation of metabolic processes in obesity [Online] Vestn. Ural. Med. Akad. Nauki. = Journal of Ural Medical Academic Science. 2025, Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 434–445. DOI: 10.22138/2500-0918-2025-22-4-434-445 (In Russ)

REFERENCES
1. Gyamfi J., Kim J., Choi J. Cancer as a Metabolic Disorder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1155. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031155
2. Steensberg A., Hall G., Osada T., et al. Production of interleukin‐6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise‐induced increase in plasma interleukin‐6. J Physiol. 2000; 529(1):237-242. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x
3. Severinsen M.C.K., Pedersen B.K. Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines. Endocr Rev. 2020; 41(4):594-609. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa016
4. Ahima R.S., Park H.K. Connecting Myokines and Metabolism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2015 Sep; 30(3):235-45. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.235
5. Kirichenko T.V., Markina Y.V., Bogatyreva A.I., Tolstik T.V., Varaeva Y.R., Starodubova A.V. The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14982. doi: 10.3390/ijms232314982
6. Lingvay I., Cohen R.V., Roux C.W.L., Sumithran P. Obesity in adults. Lancet. 2024 Sep 7; 404(10456):972-987. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01210-8
7. Jaacks L.M., Vandevijvere S., Pan A., McGowan C.J., Wallace C., Imamura F., et al. The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Mar; 7(3):231-240. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30026-9.
8. Ruze R., Liu T., Zou X., Song J., Chen Y., Xu R., et al. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Apr 21;14:1161521. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1161521.
9. Lin X., Li H. Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Sep 6;12:706978. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.706978.
10. Pelczyńska M., Miller-Kasprzak E., Piątkowski M., Mazurek R., Klause M., Suchecka A., et al. The Role of Adipokines and Myokines in the Pathogenesis of Different Obesity Phenotypes-New Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Nov 26;12(12):2046. doi: 10.3390/antiox12122046.
11. Ren Y., Zhao H., Yin C., Lan X., Wu L., Du X., et al. Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Jul 14;13:873699. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873699.
12. Kostyunina D. S., Ivanova A. D., Smirnova O. V. Myostatin: Twenty Years Later. Fiziologiya cheloveka. Human Physiology. 2018;44(1):88-101. (In Russ.)
13. Chen M.M., Zhao Y.P., Zhao Y., Deng S.L., Yu K. Regulation of Myostatin on the Growth and Development of Skeletal Muscle. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Dec 24;9:785712. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.785712
14. Esposito P., Picciotto D., Battaglia Y., Costigliolo F., Viazzi F., Verzola D. Myostatin: Basic biology to clinical application. Adv Clin Chem. 2022;106:181-234. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.09.006.
15. Chen Z.T., Weng Z.X., Lin J.D., Meng Z.X. Myokines: metabolic regulation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Life Metab. 2024 Mar 2;3(3):loae006. doi: 10.1093/lifemeta/loae006.
16. Ji Y., Li M., Chang M., Liu R., Qiu J., Wang K., et al. Inflammation: Roles in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Aug 29;11(9):1686. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091686.
17. Dong J., Dong Y., Dong Y., Chen F., Mitch W.E., Zhang L. Inhibition of myostatin in mice improves insulin sensitivity via irisin-mediated cross talk between muscle and adipose tissues. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016; 40:434–42. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.200
18. Pervin S., Reddy S.T., Singh R. Novel Roles of Follistatin/Myostatin in Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Adipose Browning: Potential for Therapeutic Intervention in Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Apr 9;12:653179. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.653179.
19. Boström P., Wu J., Jedrychowski M.P., Korde A., Ye L., Lo J.C., et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481(7382):463-468. doi:10.1038/nature10777
20. Peng Q., Wang X., Wu K., Liu K., Wang S., Chen X. Irisin Attenuates H2O2-Induced Apoptosis in Cardiomyocytes via microRNA-19b/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2017, 10, 7707–7717.
21. Liu S., Cui F., Ning K., Wang Z., Fu P., Wang D., et al. Role of Irisin in Physiology and Pathology. Front. Endocrinol. 2022, 13, 962968. Doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.962968
22. Mazur-Bialy A.I., Bilski J., Pochec E., Brzozowski T. New Insight into the Direct Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Myokine Irisin against Proinflammatory Activation of Adipocytes. Implication for Exercise in Obesity. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2017; 68:243–251.
23. Mazur-Bialy, A.I. Irisin Acts as a Regulator of Macrophages Host Defense. Life Sci. 2017; 176:21–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.03.011
24. Waseem R., Shamsi A., Mohammad T., Hassan M.I., Kazim S.N., Chaudhary A.A., et al. FNDC5/Irisin: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Molecules. 2022; 27:1118. doi: 10.3390/molecules27031118
25. Liu J.J., Wong M.D., Toy W.C., Tan C.S., Liu S., Ng X.W., et al. Lower circulating irisin is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 2013; 27:365–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.03.002
26. Crujeiras A.B., Zulet M.A., Lopez-Legarrea P., de la Iglesia R., Pardo M., Carreira M.C., et al. Association between circulating irisin levels and the promotion of insulin resistance during the weight maintenance period after a dietary weight-lowering program in obese patients. Metabolism. 2014; 63:520–31. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.12.007
27. Grygiel-Gorniak B., Puszczewicz M. A review on irisin, a new protagonist that mediates muscle-adipose-bone-neuron connectivity. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017; 21:4687–93.
28. Kurdiova T., Balaz M., Mayer A., Maderova D., Belan V., Wolfrum C., et al. Exercise-mimicking treatment fails to increase Fndc5 mRNA & irisin secretion in primary human myotubes. Peptides. 2014; 56:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.003
29. Shanaki M., Moradi N., Emamgholipour S., Fadaei R., Poustchi H. Lower Circulating Irisin Is Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev. 2017; 11:S467–S472. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.037
30. Cai C., Lin M., Xu Y., Li X., Yang S., Zhang, H. Association of Circulating Neuregulin 4 with Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Med. 2016;14(1):165. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0703-6
31. Nugroho D. B., Ikeda K., Barinda A. J., Wardhana D. A., Yagi K., Miyata K., et al. Neuregulin-4 is an angiogenic factor that is critically involved in the maintenance of adipose tissue vasculature. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018; 503(1):378–384. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.043
32. Nugroho D. B., Ikeda K., Kajimoto K., Hirata K. I., Emoto N. Activation of neuregulin-4 in adipocytes improves metabolic health by enhancing adipose tissue angiogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018 ;504(2):427–433. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.197
33. Obradovic M., Sudar-Milovanovic E., Soskic S., Essack M., Arya S., Stewart A.J., et al. Leptin and Obesity: Role and Clinical Implication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 May 18;12:585887. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.585887.
34. Kwon O., Kim K.W. and Kim M.S. Leptin signalling pathways in hypothalamic neurons. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2016; 73:1457–1477. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2133-1
35. Poetsch M.S., Strano A., Guan K. Role of leptin in cardiovascular diseases. Front. Endocrinol. 2020; 11:354. doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00354
36. Tanyanskij D. A., Denisenko A. D. Vliyanie adiponektina na obmen uglevodov, lipidov i lipoproteinov: analiz signal'nykh mekhanizmov. Ozhirenie i metabolizm. 2021; 18(2): 103-111. doi:10.14341/omet12754. (In Russ.)
37. Klimontov V. V., Bulumbaeva D. M., Bgatova N. P., Taskaeva YU. S., Orlov N. B., Fazullina O. N. i dr. Koncentracii adipokinov v syvorotke krovi u pacientov s sakharnym diabetom 2 tipa: vzaimosvyazi s raspredeleniem, gipertrofiej i vaskulyarizaciej podkozhnoj zhirovoj tkani. Sakharnyj diabet. 2019; 22(4): 336-347. Doi:10.14341/DM10129. (In Russ.)
38. Engin A. Adiponectin Resistance in Obesity: Adiponectin Leptin/Insulin Interaction. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024; 1460:431-462. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_15
39. Verbovoj A. F., Verbovaya N. I., Dolgikh YU. A. Ozhirenie — osnova metabolicheskogo sindroma. Ozhirenie i metabolizm. 2021; 18(2): 142-149. doi:10.14341/omet12707
40. Barchetta I., Cimini F.A., Dule S., Cavallo M.G. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) as A Novel Adipokine: Role in Metabolism and Fat Homeostasis. Biomedicines. 2022; 10:2306. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10092306
41. Lamers D., Famulla S., Wronkowitz N., Hartwig S., Lehr S., Ouwens D.M., et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a novel adipokine potentially linking obesity to the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2011; 60(7):1917–1925. doi:10.2337/db10-1707
42. Röhrborn D., Brückner J., Sell H., Eckel J. Reduced DPP4 activity improves insulin signaling in primary human adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;471(3):348-354. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.019
43. Fischer CP. Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2006;12:6-33.
44. Pedersen B.K. Muscular interleukin-6 and its role as an energy sensor. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44:392–6. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822f94ac
45. Belizário J.E., Fontes-Oliveira C.C., Borges J.P., Kashiabara J.A., Vannier E. Skeletal muscle wasting and renewal: a pivotal role of myokine IL-6. Springerplus. 2016 May 13;5:619. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-2197-2

46. Gomarasca M., Banfi G., Lombardi G. Myokines: The endocrine coupling of skeletal muscle and bone. Adv Clin Chem. 2020;94:155-218. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.010.
47. Burmickaya YU. V. Signal'nye molekuly zhirovoj i myshechnoj tkani pri raznykh formakh ozhireniya u detej [Tekst]: dis. … kand. med. nauk: 3.1.19 / YU.V. Burmickaya. – Moskva, 2023. – 130 s.
48. Shestopalov A.V., Ganenko L.A., Grigor'eva T.V., Lajkov A.V., Vasil'ev I.YU., Kolesnikova I.M. i dr. Adipokiny i miokiny kak indikatory fenotipov ozhireniya i ikh svyaz' s pokazatelyami raznoobraziya mikrobioma kishechnika. Vestnik RGMU. 2023; (1): 49–58. DOI: 10.24075/vrgmu.2023.004
49. Sumerkina V. A. Osobennosti immunnogo statusa pri metabolicheskom sindrome u lic molodogo vozrasta [Tekst]: dis. … dokt. med. nauk: 3.2.7, 3.3.3. / V.A. Sumerkina. – Chelyabinsk, 2024. – 250 s.
50. Logvinova O. V. Ehndogennye peptidnye bioregulyatory pishchevogo povedeniya pri ehkzogenno-konstitucional'nom ozhirenii [Tekst]: dis. … kand. med. nauk: 14.01.02 / O.V. Logvinova. – Moskva, 2020. – 98 s.
51. Misharova A. P. Vliyanie ingibitora natrij-glyukoznogo kotransportera 2 tipa na metabolizm zhira u pacientov s sakharnym diabetom 2 tipa v sochetanii s ozhireniem [Tekst]: dis. … kand. med. nauk: 3.1.19 / A.P. Misharova. – Moskva, 2024. – 121 s.

Authors
Ksenia A. Krasnoglazova
Assistant of the Immunology, Microbiology and Virology with a course of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Department
kseniapopova08@mail.ru

Olga A. Radaeva
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Virology with a course of Clinical Immunology and Allergology

Danila V. Viryasov
Postgraduate student of the Immunology, Microbiology and Virology with a course of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Department

Maria S. Iskandyarova
PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Immunology, Microbiology and Virology with a course of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Department

Vitaly V. Eremeev
Senior lecturer of the Immunology, Microbiology and Virology with a course of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Department

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University»
Saransk, Russian Federation
mrsu@mrsu.ru

 
 
 

Authorization